product which has had tremendous success in Korea. It's natures own insect controller and is harmless to humans and pets. The active ingredient is Natural Pyrethrins - Natures own Pesticide.

All Biomist aerosols are
- Uses natural Pyrethrum derived from plant extracts.
- Non-irritant, environmentally friendly and contain no chloro-fluoro carbons.
- Non-allergenic and non-toxic.

: Biomist aerosols have passed rigorous testing by environmental and pesticide authorities (K-FDA) in Korea.
: Biomist dispenser dispenses a constant amount of Pyrethrum into the air and it is this action that keeps insects away by creating an invisible shield.
: Pyrethrum is the most effective insect deterrent known and one of the safest on the market.
: It's effectiveness against a wide range of insect pests including, MOSQUITOES, FLIES, COCKROACHES, WASPS, FLEAS, BUGS, and ANTS.
: Insects are repelled by Pyrethrum at very low dosages. The insect need only detect the smallest amount of Pyrethrum (ppm) for it to want to escape.
: Should the insects enter the sprayed area it will be knocked down. Pyrethrum also disturbs the insect from its hiding place exposing them to its spray. It's the most effective and safe method of getting rid of unwanted insects available on the market.
: Pyrethrum is extracted from a flower in the Chrysanthemum family and is purified for use as an insect controller.
: Natural Pyrethrins are the safest pesticide known to man. In Europe Pyrethrum is taken as an oral medicine to control stomach and intestinal worms.
: Insects do not become resistant to Pyrethrins because each batch is different.
: Pyrethrins degrade in sunlight to 6% in only 2 hours. No buildup of toxicity.
: Pyrethrins are very expensive hence large commercial concerns use synthetic Pyrethrins called Pyrethroids which are much cheaper.
: Only the first 4, approximately, of the Pyrethrins' pheromones can be synthesised.
: Insects rapidly become resistant to Pyrethroids. Only natural Pyrethrins have a repellency capability. This can not be synthesised.
: Pyrethrins repel and kill Flies, Mosquitoes, Cockroaches, Fleas, all other insects.
: Pyrethrins affect tropical fishes. So be careful on installation.
: Biomist formulation use synergist (PBO, Piperonyl Butoxide) which help in the repellency and killing capability. This combination of Synergist makes Biomist Natural Insect Killer not only one of the safest in the world but also one of the best.
: Biomist Insect Killer can be used in the home or work place without danger to people or pets. In business involved in food preparation, storage or transport. In horticultural areas, keeping plants free from pests. In farm yards, livestock can be safely protected from irritating and disease carrying pests. At picnics or BBQ keeping flies and mosquitoes away. In schools and hospitals Biomist Natural Insect Killer reduces the risk of insect carrying infections

Pyrethrum is one of the oldest organic insecticides in use in the world today. The flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have been a valuable article of commerce for many decades under the name of Pyrethrum, though today the main trade is in Pyrethrum extract.
(Corombie, L., Elliott, M. Fortschr., Chem. Org. Naturist. Vol.19, 1961)

This is an important insecticide having low toxicity to mammals and low persistence after use. It also paralyses flying insects very rapidly, and this 'knock-down' effect is especially valued. A further property of value is its repellency, which is more important than kill when protecting foods.
(Leslie Crombie, Pesticide Science, Vol. 11, pp102, 1980)

Pyrethrum controls certain insects as effectively and more safely than most of the currently used synthetic organic insecticides. There is no evidence of harm to humans, domestics animals or wildlife, when used as directed.
(Casida, J.E., Pyrethrum: The natural insecticide, Academic Press, New York and London, 1973)

World production of Pyrethrum is normally measured in metric tons of dry flowers and the Pyrethrins contents veries from 0.8% w/w to over 2%.
(Casida, J.E., Pyrethrum: The natural insecticide, Academic Press, New York and London, 1973)

Pyrethrum was an attractive insecticide candidate because it is a natural material whose active components, Pyrethrins, are highly toxic to a variety of forest insect pests. Pyrthrins are not persistent in the environment and are relatively nontoxic to warm-blooded animals.
(Miskus, R.P. and Andrews, T.L., Stabilization of thin films of Pyrethrins and Allethrins, J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 1972)

Under practical conditions, pyrethrins are the least toxic to mammals of all the insecticides currently is use. Pyrethrum has been used orally as an anthelmintic in some areas for many years with no apparent ill effects. Pyrethrum formular is recommended for use around exposed foodstuffs. In the united states, under the Miller Amendment of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1955), a limited number of chemicals is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under section 408, when applied to growing crops. Pyrethrum is one of the few insecticides so exempted.
(Mammalian toxicology of pyrethrum, Oct.1973 ed., Pyretrhrum Post, Vol.12/No2)

Humans, both children and adults, are reported as having been treated, with excellent results against a variety of intestinal worms.
(B.H. McLellan, Anthelmintic Pyrethrum - A Literature Review, The Pyrethrum Bureau, Nakuru, Kenya)

Aerosols containing Pyrethrum and a Synergist such as Piperonyl Butoxide are still a favored method for controlling Mosquitoes, Houseflies and other flying insects in homes.
(Lee, J., Aerosol insecticide formulation-Review of recent development, Pyrethrum Post 10, Vol.2, pp9-13, 1969)

Pyrethrum sprays applied directly to the skin of livestock have for several years been a popular methods for protecting the animals from attack by biting flies.
(Casida, J.E., Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide, Academic Press, New York and London, 1973)

Pyrethrum controls certain insects as effectively and more safely than most of the currently used synthetic organic insecticides. There is no evidence of harm to humans, domestic animals, or wildlife, when used as directed.
(Casida, J.E., Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide, Academic Press, New York and London, 1973)

SAFETY OF NATURAL PYRETHRUM WTH BIOMIST DISPENSERS
Biomist Natural Insect Killer Registered Korean product
Pyrethrins : 0.9%
Proposed Application Rate : 30 mg / 8 min 24 hour operation
Proposed Dose Rate : 48.6 mg Pyrethrins /24 h
=0.29 mg/m3 /day for a 170 m3 room

International Registration of Pyrethrum-based products
A number of metered spray Pyrethrum-based insecticides which are registered for use in USA, Canada, Australia, and European countries are as followings:

PRODUCT NAME MANUFACTURER RATE DOSE
(mg Pyrethrins/24hr)
Natural Insect Killer Biomist, KOREA 30mg/8min 48.6
Clean Air Purge Waterbury, USA 53mg/15min 89
Konk 1 Flying Insect Killer Air Guard, USA 27.5mg/7.5min 95
Klonk 408 Air Guard, USA 55mg/15min 51.5
Flying Insect Killer II MGK, Canada 5mg/15min 95
Dipsar-Mist II Dispar, Canada 55mg/15min 87
Flying Insect Killer Marathon, Canada 55mg/15min 95
PyCare Nucan, Australia 50mg/15min 67
Swak National Technical, UK etc* N/A N/A
* Registration not required for France and Germany

All the products listed contain Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide as the sole active ingredients. They are registered for application by automatic dispensers operating for 24 h/day, for use in occupied area including restaurants, hotels, motels, hospitals, schools, nursing homes, and food preparation areas. Labels specify that these products should not be used in nurseries and that automatic dispensers should not be places directly above food preparation surfaces. Most labels specify that 1 automatic dispensing unit is appropriate for 170 m3 of free flow air space.

The application rates have been listed as well. As the amount of Pyrethrins and application rates vary between formulations, the total amount of Pyrethrins released every 24 h (dose) has been calculated to allow the products to be compared. The total amount of Pyrethrins released by these products ranges from 51 to 95 mg per day. This is higher than the proposed 24 h dose of the Biomist Natural Insect Killer Registered Korean product, which is only 48.6 mg per 24 h.

USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Requirement
Maximum Application Rate: 0.005 lbs Pyrethrins/1000 feet2/day
0.08 mg Pyrethrins/liter/day
80 mg Pyrethrins/m2/day
Sites: General indoor sites, such as schools, hotels,
kitchens, child care centers, dormitories, Hospitals,
health care centers and nursing homes, Eating
establishments - restaurants, mess halls and
cafeterias.
Use restrictions: Do not use in nurseries or rooms where infants, ill or aged persons are confined.
Do not place application devise directly over or within
8feet of exposed food or food preparation areas or
utensils.

Comparison of the maximum application rate for
Biomist Natural Insect Killer and US EPA requirement
Dose Rate for Biomist : 48.6 mg Pyrethrins /24 h
Maximum application rate for Biomist:
One applicator/50 m3 = 0.972mg (48.6/50) Pyrethrins/m3/day
= 1% of the maximum rate of US EPA
One applicator/170 m3 = 0.286 mg (48.6/170) Pyrethrins/m3/day
= 0.4% of the maximum rate of US EPA

An Biomist dispenser when used in accordance with the instructions dispenses approximately 30mg of solvent, propellent and Pyrethrum into the atmosphere about every 8 minutes. Of the 30mg dispensed only 0.9% is the active substance pyrethrum. Therefore the total amount of pyrethrum dispensed into the environment every 8 minutes is:
30/1000 x 0.9/100 = 0.00027g
This equates to approximately 0.002025g per hour (0.00027/8 x 60).
In a worse case scenario where the dispenser is operating in a small room of say 60 cubic meters then the concentration levels could build up as follows;
0.002025/60 = 0.00003375 g/m2 in 1 hour
Most countries set safety levels for natural pyrethrum concentration as 5mg/m2 which is 0.005g/m2r (Worksafe Exposure Limits, TWA). Worksafe Exposure Limit is around 150 times higher than what the Biomist Dispenser will build up in 1 hour, which means extremely safe to human. In addition, natural pyrethrum degrades rapidly in sunlight to 6% within 2 hours.

A 5 second burst of an aerosol can, by manual spraying, will take an Biomist dispenser 1.3 days to dispense, making the system of Biomist dispenser and aerosol, one of the safest systems in the world and definitely one of the most environmentally friendly pesticide systems known to man.

Persistence of residues after application in indoor sites
Pyrethrins have low persistence in the environment due to their instability in the presence of natural sun-light. The photolytic half-life of the pyrethrins is 11.8 h and there is >90% degradation after 40 hours, forming harmless breakdown products such as carboxylic acid and CO2. Studies have shown that photolysis of pyrethrins occurs in indoor as well as outdoor environments. For example, It was demonstrated that Pyrethrins are not persistent in a typical domestic environment consisting of a room in an apartment in the presence of diffuse natural sunlight from a single window. They found that there was rapid deposition of insecticide following a single application by aerosol spray. The initial concentrations of 55 to 300 micrograms/m2 were reduced to 15 - 60% of the starting concentration in air (20?), within half an hour.

Analysis of the pyrethrins deposited on exposed surfaces showed a steady decline in pyrethrins, with a 50% reduction in 24 hours follow by a 90% reduction of total pyrethrins in 48 hours.

Ref.
: Class and Kintrup, 1991. Pyrethroids as household insecticides: analysis, exposure
and persistence. Frensenius J Anal Chem 340: 446-453.
: Crosby, DG (1995). Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins. In Pyrethrum Flowers. ed
Casida , JE and Quistad, GB

Risk Analysis

International Exposure Standards for Pyrethrins
USA National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety:
Maximum permitted exposure level = 5 mg/m3

Inhalation Toxicity Pyrethrins
Acute toxicity for Pyrethrins LD50 : 3,400 mg/m3
Acute NOAEL for Pyrethrins : 690 mg/m3
Chronic NOAEL for Pyrethrins (based on 90 d study) : 11 mg/m3
ADI : 0~0.04 mg/kg (2.8mg for a 70kg person/day)
* NOAEL = No Observable Adverse Effects Level
ADI = Allowable Daily Intake

Exposure rates Comparison between
Biomist product and Maximum permitted exposure level

Worst case scenario
Conditions: Sealed room with no external ventilation
No deposition of pesticide spray
No degradation of Pyrethrins by light
One applicator/170m3
Dose: 48.6mg pyrethrins / 24 h
Dose of pyrethrins = 48.6 mg/170m3
= 0.29 mg/m3/day
= 5.8% of the permitted level
Time to reach 5 mg/m3 = 17 days

Therefore, it would take 17 days of continuous use for the pyrethrins levels to reach the maximum allowed, provided there was no ventilation and no deposition of the aerosol.

Accumulated Pyrethrins assuming deposition of aerosol
Insecticides from aerosol sprays are deposited at a rate of between 40~85% per half hour (Class and Kintrup, 1991)
Conditions: Sealed room with no external ventilation
Normal room light
One applicator/170m3
Assumptions: Deposition of 40%/half hour
No degradation of pyrethrins
Dose: 30 mg product every 8 min/170m3
=112.5 mg product/half hour/170m3
=1.0125 mg pyrethrins/half hour/170m3
Reduces by ~40% per half hour to give 0.6075 mg pyrethrins per half hour
Dose of pyrethrins = 0.6075mg/half hour/170m3
= 29.16mg/day/170m3
= 0.17mg/m3/day
= 3.4% of the permitted level
Time to reach 5 mg/m3 = 29 days
Therefore, it would take 29 days of continuous use for the pyrethrins levels to reach the maximum allowed, provided there was no ventilation.

Metabolic Studies
Pyrethrum is very rapidly metabolised by the body following oral administration with only some 10% being excreted as pyrethrum and the balance as carboxylic acid. The main metabolic processes are a combination of hydrolytic and oxidative processes. The half life of pyrethrum following oral administration is 5-7 hours and all breakdown products are excreted in the urine and the faeces.

Ref.
: Class and Kintrup, 1991. Pyrethroids as household insecticides: analysis, exposure and
persistence. Frensenius J Anal Chem 340: 446-453.
: Crosby, DG (1995). Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins. In Pyrethrum Flowers. ed Casida,
JE and Quistad, GB
: Schoenig, GP (1995). Mammalian toxicology of pyrethrum extract. In Pyrethrum
Flowers. ed Casida , JE and Quistad, GB
: JMPR report for WHO/FAO 1999
: USA National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. NIOSH exposure standards

For reference, in the case of Hydrocarbon Solvent,
TWA limit is 480 mg/m2
An Biomist dispenser when used in accordance with the instructions dispenses approximately 30mg of solvent, propellent and Pyrethrum into the atmosphere about every 8 minutes. Of the 30mg dispensed only 33.68% is the solvent in Biomist procedure. Therefore the total amount of solvent dispensed into the environment every 8 minutes is:
30 mg x 0.3368 = 10.104 mg
This equates to approximately 75.78mg/hr (10.104/7 x 60).

In a worse case scenario where the dispenser is operating in a small room of say 60m2 then the concentration levels could build up as follows;
86.6057/60 = 1.4434 mg/m2 in 1 hour
Safety level set for hydrocarbon solvent is 333 times higher than what the Biomist Dispenser will build up in 1 hour, which means extremely safe to human.

In the case of Propellent (Propane and Butane gas) and Synergy (PBO)
TWA are Not Set.
For Propane, Workplace Exposure Standard DOL1992 requires 1900mg per cubic meter

How Pyrethrum works as a repellent
Ask an entomologist if pyrethrum is repellent, and one will get a scientific explanation that includes words like avoidance, flushing, and repellency, and a dissertation on how repellency is proven. Ask a commercial pesticide operator or distributor if pyrethrum is repellent, and the response in a simple "yes". Why is there such diversity in answers from different groups who are pyrethrum knowledgable?

Repellency, depending on the behaviour described, covers a broad range of activities depending on the degree of insect behaviour, insect order and species, concentration of chemical, type of chemical, and anticipated result from the insect or chemical. It is also a very difficult phenomenon to scientifically test and quantity.

The intent of this article is to explain how pyrethrum works as a repellent on two general categories of in sects crawling and flying. Most people have a visual image of an insect proceeding toward an environment or food source, sensing pyrethrum vapours, breefly encountering it, making a turn and escaping from it as if pyrethrum was distasteful or malodourous. This is not the case with pyrethrum, although it is possible that other chemicals could function accordingly with certain animals. So how does pyrethrum work as a repellent? Pyrethrins have a low vapour pressure and are not volatile. Under normal conditions, pyrethrins do not have an odour.

The faint flowery odour of pyrethrum extract comes from the natural pyrethrum flower oils, not from pyrethrins, the insecticidal active ingredients. Pyrethrins act as nerve toxicats on insects. They exert their activity on insect nerves initially by hyper-stimulating the nerves, the excitatory effects proceed to the point of overload, and ultimately the nerve synapses are blocked. Death occurs at this point. The repellency effect is the insect's physical manifestations of the pyrethrins' stimulation and excitation effects on hyperactive and confused, and their movements become undirected. Even small amount of Pyrethrins can have this effect. Repellency properties of carbamatees and organophosphates have a different origin than pyrethrum and many synthetic ptyrethroids.

This effect on the cockroach is known as flushing. Flushing has been observed in a concentration (%w/v) range from 0.01to 0.05%. The degree of flushing is not dependent on the concentration of pyrethrins from 0.1 to 0.05% but as the percentage of pyrethrum increases above 0.5% the interval from cockroach exposure to flushing decreases. The addition of Piperonyl Butoxide as a synergist does not have an drffect on the rate of flushing. It does have an effect on knockdown and kill.
Pyrethrum and twelve synthetic products were tested, and pyrethrin was found to have the most flushing capability on the German cockroach.

The effects of pyrethrin on mosquitoes are viewed differently. The site of action on the mosquito's nervous system is the same as with the cockroach: and the sequence of events, the stimulation and blocking of nerves, is the same.

The behaviour of mosquitoes to pyrethrin is oftentimes labelled as a repellent. A female mosquito, which is the one that feeds off mammals, must have a blood meal in order to lay eggs. To detect a suitable gost, she uses a combination of senses, heat detection, and chemical detection of certain stimulants, i.e. water vapour and carbon dioxide. The mosquito uses the tarsi, foot pads, of the third pair of legs to detect hear. Water vapour and carbon dioxide are detected with the antennae. when the mosquito's nerves are stimulated by pyrethrin, the tarsi and antennae are not able to function normally, and the mosquito is unable to find the host.